Note: Because of her mother's illness, an illness that ultimately proved fatal, Ruth didn't write in her diary from again until 1935.
Thank you for reading, and please check back at the turn of the year.
The daily diary entries from Ruth Catherine McKenzie McCoy. Her daughter, author Fran Baker, has included photos, historic notes and "old-time" recipes following the entries. Readers are welcome to comment.
Thursday, October 18, 2012
Wednesday, October 17, 2012
Wednesday, October 17, 1934
Note: Ruth did not write in her diary today.
Construction site of the Lillian Wald Playground Lower East Side, New York City October 17, 1934 Lillian D. Wald (March 10, 1867 – September 1, 1940) was a nurse; social worker; public health official; teacher; author; editor; publisher; activist for peace, women's, children's and civil rights; and the founder of American community nursing. Her unselfish devotion to humanity is recognized around the world and her visionary programs have been widely copied. |
Tuesday, October 16, 2012
Tuesday, October 16, 1934
Gave talk in English. Mother still sick.
Monday, October 15, 2012
Monday, October 15, 1934
Went to school. Mother stayed in bed sick today.
Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra Coon-Sanders Original Nighthawk Orchestra was the first Kansas City jazz band to achieve national recognition, which it acquired through national radio broadcasts. It was founded in 1919, as the Coon-Sanders Novelty Orchestra, by drummer Carleton Coon and pianist Joe Sanders. The orchestra began broadcasting in 1922 on clear channel station WDAF, which could be received throughout the United States. They were broadcast in performance at the Muehlebach Hotel in Kansas City. They took the name Nighthawks because they broadcast late at night (11:30pm to 1:00am). By 1924 their fan club had 37,000 members. Fans were encouraged to send in requests for songs by letter, telephone or telegram. That move became so popular that Western Union set up a ticker tape between Sanders' piano and Coon's drums so the telegrams could be acknowledged during the broadcasts. Their song "Nighthawk Blues" includes the lines: "Tune right in on the radio/Grab a telegram and say 'Hello'." In 1925, they recorded the Paul Whiteman and Fred Rose composition "Flamin' Mamie". At their peak, each member of the Orchestra owned identical Cord Automobiles, each in a different color with the name of the Orchestra and the owner embossed on the rear. The Orchestra's popularity showed no signs of abating and their contract with MCA had another 15 years to run in the spring of 1932 when Carleton Coon came down with a jaw infection and died, on May 4. Joe Sanders attempted to keep the organization going; however, without Coon, the public did not support them. In 1935, he formed his own group and played until the early 1940s when he became a part time orchestra leader and studio musician. In his later years he suffered from failing eyesight and other health problems. He died in 1965 after suffering a stroke. The Kansas City Public Library acquired the scrapbooks and other memorabilia collected and prepared by Joe Sanders and the information is available to researchers. |
Sunday, October 14, 2012
Sunday, October 14, 1934
Went to Sunday school and church. Changed classess. Helen and I saw "Flying Down to Rio."
Saturday, October 13, 2012
Saturday, October 13, 1934
Aunt Jennie was up. Got overshoes today. Helen's were over. Went up to Pauline's. Nadine's sister had a baby boy. Ollie was over.
Friday, October 12, 2012
Friday, October 12, 1934
Daddy took us to school. Stayed for typing. Pauline and Ruth Ray were down. I got some grapes.
Christopher Columbus (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo; Spanish: Cristóbal Colón; before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) Columbus Day is a U.S. holiday that commemorates the landing of Christopher Columbus in the New World on October 12, 1492. It was unofficially celebrated in a number of cities and states as early as the 18th century but did not become a federal holiday until 1937. For many, the holiday is a way of both honoring Columbus' achievements and celebrating Italian-American heritage. Throughout its history, Columbus Day and the man who inspired it have generated controversy, and many alternatives to the holiday have appeared in recent years. |
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Thursday, October 11, 1934
Went to school. Daddy worked today.
Shawnee Indian Mission Historical Site 3403 West 53rd Street Fairway Kansas 66205 (913) 262-0867 The Shawnee Indian Mission in Fairway, Kansas served as a manual training school for children from the Shawnee, Delaware and other Indian nations from 1839-1854 and continued as a school without manual training until 1862. The territorial governor, Andrew Reeder, established his offices at the mission in 1854. The first territorial legislature met at the mission in 1855 after adjourning from the first territorial capital at present day Fort Riley. During the legislative session the "bogus laws" were passed in an attempt to further slavery in Kansas. The mission was also a supply point on the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails and an Union camp during the Civil War. Thomas Johnson, the Methodist missionary who founded Shawnee Indian Mission, is buried in the nearby Shawnee Methodist Mission Cemetery. He was killed in 1865 for his antislavery sentiments. |
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
Wednesday, October 10, 1934
Ruth Ray and I walked to school. Tests in Shorthand and English. Went to the nurse. Rode home. Pauline and Nadine came down in the evening.
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Tuesday, October 9, 1934
Rode to school. Went up and played at Pauline's. Got apples. It sure was warm today.
Stayman's Winesap Apple A Stayman (or Stayman's Winesap) is a triploid apple cultivar developed in 1866 by Joseph Stayman of Leavenworth, KS; sold by nurseries from 1895. There are two other varieties of Stayman apples; one is green, the other yellow. Staymans remain a locally popular cultivar of apple where grown. |
Monday, October 8, 2012
Monday, October 8, 1934
Daddy took us girls to school. Got warm today. Went up and played tag, etc. with some of the kids.
James Buchanan Brady (August 12, 1856 – April 13, 1917) AKA "Diamond Jim" Brady An American businessman, financier, and philanthropist of the Gilded Age, Brady was known for his penchant for jewels, especially diamonds. He collected precious stones and jewelry in excess of US$ 2 million (more than $50 million in today's dollars). Brady's enormous appetite was as legendary as his wealth, though modern experts believe it was greatly exaggerated. It was not unusual, according to the legend, for Brady to eat enough food for ten people at a sitting. When he died in his sleep of a stroke, doctors discovered his stomach was six times the size of a normal person's stomach. |
Sunday, October 7, 2012
Sunday, October 7, 1934
Went to Sunday school and church. Kate and Helen were over. Went to see "It Happened One Night" again. Ollie was over.
1934 movie poster for It Happened One Night |
Saturday, October 6, 2012
Saturday, October 6, 1934
Went to court. Guy got three days. I got candy, books, paper, etc. Daddy listened to the ball game.
The legendary 1934 "Gashouse Gang" (St. Louis Cardinals) The 1934 World Series matched the St. Louis Cardinals against the Detroit Tigers, with the Cardinals' "Gashouse Gang" winning in seven games for their third championship in nine years. |
Friday, October 5, 2012
Friday, October 5, 1934
A man started to steal something out of our car. Police got him.
Thursday, October 4, 2012
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
Wednesday, October 3, 1934
Daddy took Mother to the doctor for a hypo today.
Old Mill - Lee's Summit, Missouri Lee's Summit, Missouri was founded in 1865 by William B. Howard. Lee's Summit began as a bustling, entrepreneurial town because of its location on the Union Pacific Railroad. A Kentuckian, Howard established the first park in Lee's Summit, called Howard Park. It was used by the townspeople for all kinds of events, including the Lee's Summit Fair which eventually became the Jackson County Fair. |
Tuesday, October 2, 2012
Tuesday, October 2, 1934
Mother stayed in bed sick today.
Monday, October 1, 2012
Monday, October 1, 1934
Walked to school and home with the girls. Read a magazine after I finished my night work.
Claire Trevor (March 8, 1910 – April 8, 2000) October 1934 An Academy Award-winning actress, Trevor was nicknamed the "Queen of Film Noir" because of her many appearances in "bad girl" roles in film noir and other black-and-white thrillers. She appeared in over 60 films. She won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Key Largo and was nominated for her roles in The High and the Mighty and Dead End. Claire Trevor died of respiratory failure at the age of 90 in Newport Beach, California. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6933 Hollywood Blvd. |
Sunday, September 30, 2012
Sunday, September 30, 1934
Went to Sunday school. I stayed for church. Ollie was over. Played cards in evening.
September 30, 1934: Babe Ruth's final game as a New York Yankee. He batted 0 for 3. From New York, he went to the Boston Braves. He played in his last Major League game in Philadelphia on May 30, 1935, when he left the field with a hurt knee. |
Saturday, September 29, 2012
Saturday, September 29, 1934
Straightened up the house today.
Kansas City, 1934 - Postcard Shows: Union Station, Union Station Grand Lobby, Swope Park Entrance, "The Scout" statue at Penn Valley Park, Nelson Gallery and Atkins Museum, Post Office, Skyline, Municipal Auditorium, Liberty Memorial, Pioneer Mother statue, Aerial View, KCP&L Building, Country Club Plaza, Petticoat Lane, Municipal Airport, New City Hall, Kersey Coates Drive, and Jackson County Court House. |
Friday, September 28, 2012
Friday, September 28, 1934
Daddy took us to school. Mr. States came after us. Nadine and I went to Prospect. Saw "The Circus Clown" and "Massacre."
Thursday, September 27, 2012
Thursday, September 27, 1934
Rained today. Walked home from school. Got some pears. Ruth Ray and Pauline down. Played cards.
Clell Miller (January 9, 1850 - September 7, 1876) AKA Cleland D. Miller or Clenand Miller or McClelland Miller Miller was an outlaw with the James-Younger Gang who was killed during the gang's robbery at Northfield, Minnesota. He was born on either January 9, 1850 (the date on his tombstone) or December 15, 1849 in Kearney, Missouri. His younger brother Edward T. Miller also joined the gang and was allegedly killed by Jesse James in 1881. Miller's body was photographed (see "death photo", above) and then buried in Northfield. However, his father claimed the body and Miller was buried at Muddy Fork Cemetery in Kearney. |
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Wednesday, September 26, 1934
Note: Ruth didn't write in her diary today.
R.M.S. Queen Mary AKA "Pride of the Clyde" September 26, 1934: The first great Cunard Queen, R.M.S. Queen Mary,was lauched at the John Brown Shipyard into the River Clyde. "I am happy to name this ship the Queen Mary. I wish success to her and all who sail in her." Queen Mary, September 26, 1934 |
Tuesday, September 25, 2012
Tuesday, September 25, 1934
Mother still doesn't feel well.
Monday, September 24, 2012
Monday, September 24, 1934
Us girls walked to school and home together.
1934 black and white detailed charcoal sketch depicting the City Market on Walnut at Fifty Street as well as City Hall. Includes vehicles and people. Artist: C. L. Budworth. P.S. Happy birthday to Ruth's grandson, Shane! |
Sunday, September 23, 2012
Sunday, September 23, 1934
Mother and I went to Sunday school and church. Ollie was over. Pauline, Ruth Ray, Nadine and I went to Central Show. Saw "Finishing School" and "House of Rothschild."
Finishing School |
Starring Frances Dee, Ginger Rogers, Bruce Cabot, Billie Burke, John Halliday
Director: George Nicholls Jr., Wanda Tuchock Running Time: 70 minutes Plot Summary: The scandalous doings behind the high-toned exterior of a private school for rich young women provides the framework for this drama. Much of the story centers on an unhappy socialite and her smart-alecky, world-wise roomy who has no morals at all when it comes to getting what she wants. This of course, puts her at odds with the school's overly class-conscious administration, who live in mortal fear of scandal. As a result, the staff is encouraged to remain cool and aloof, something that causes the lonely socialite, who longs for her parents love, to become deeply depressed. Unfortunately, her father doesn't seem to care and her mother is too busy climbing the social ladder to notice. The socialite becomes increasingly despondent and thinks of suicide. Still she is not immune to the girlish pranks and gaiety of her peers. Her life also improves when she falls in love with the handsome med student who works at the school as a waiter. Unfortunately, things get bad again when he accidentally impregnates her. Fortunately, it all works out for her in the end |
Saturday, September 22, 2012
Saturday, September 22, 1934
Nadine and I walked up to the Dime Store. Lost my hat. Saw Pauline. Went to Gweyn's. She is sick.
Gresford Disaster - September 22, 1934 The Gresford Disaster was one of Britain's worst coal mining disasters and mining accidents. It occurred on September 22, 1934 at Gresford Colliery near Wrexham, in north-east Wales, when a violent explosion shook a section of the Main seam of the mine, over a mile from the bottom of the shaft, and a fire took hold. A total of 266 men died. Only eleven bodies were ever recovered from the mine. |
Friday, September 21, 2012
Friday, September 21, 1934
Girls were down this evening. Played piano. Mother didn't feel very good. Went over to Mrs. Raifert's.
Group portrait of members of the Firestone Service Company bowling team with trophy, identified as the 1933-34 champions of the South Central Business Association of Kansas City Bowling League. |
Thursday, September 20, 2012
September 20, 1934
Mother stayed in bed today.
Sophia Loren AKA: Sofia Lazzaro, Sofia Loren, Sofia Scicolone Birth Name: Sofia Villani Scicolone Date Of Birth: September 20, 1934 Country Of Birth: Italy Birth Place: Pozzuoli, Campania Loren is widely recognized as the most awarded Italian actress. She was the first actress of the talkie era to win an Academy Award for a non-English-speaking performance, for her portrayal of Cesira in Vittorio De Sica's Two Women. Her other awards include one Golden Globe Award, a Grammy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Laurel Award. In 1995 she received the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievements, one of many such awards. |
Wednesday, September 19, 2012
Wednesday, September 19, 1934
Note: Ruth didn't write in her diary today.
Tuesday, September 18, 2012
Tuesday, September 18, 1934
Ruth Ray and Nadine down. Pauline down a minute.
Monday, September 17, 2012
Monday, September 17, 1934
Sunday, September 16, 2012
Sunday, September 16, 1934
Went to Sunday school and church. Daddy bet $2. Lost. Pauline and I went to the show. Saw "Golddiggers of 1933" and "Gambling Lady." We wore our green dresses.
Theatrical Release Poster Drama Run time: 66 minutes Released March 31, 1934 Plot Summary: Lady Lee (Barbara Stanwyck), gambler's daughter, plies her trade while pondering the proposal of a social-register suitor (Joel McCrea). |
Saturday, September 15, 2012
Saturday, September 15, 1934
Pauline came down a while. Went to store. Took some dishes over to Carrie's for Mrs. Raifert. Read a while this evening.
Friday, September 14, 2012
Friday, September 14, 1934
Rode to school with Daddy. He came after us. Ruth Ray and Pauline and I went to the show. Saw "Kennel Murder Case" and "The Fugitive."
Thursday, September 13, 2012
Thursday, September 13, 1934
Went to school today. Tonight got lessons all evening until I went to bed. Sure had a lot to do.
Wednesday, September 12, 2012
Wednesday, September 12, 1934
Got my locker at school. It was hot today. Pauline and I walked home together.
Gaetano Lococo (1895-1993)
AKA "Tano" or "Thomas"
Lococo was a mobster identified as one of the "Five Iron Men of Kansas City." In his early years he was known as an enforcer with the Kansas City crime family. Later on, he controlled an interest in several illegal gambling establishments.
In March 1950 Lococo was identified at a meeting of U.S. and Sicilian mobsters at a Tiajuana, Mexico hotel. When local Mexican police found out about the meeting, they ended it prematurely. Less than a month after the conference, Kansas City boss Charles Binaggio and underboss Charlie Gargotta were assassinated. It was speculated during the Kefauver hearings on organized crime a few years later that the decision to whack Binaggio had been made at the Tiajuana meeting.
Gaetano Lococo died of natural causes at the age of 98.
Tuesday, September 11, 2012
Tuesday, September 11, 1934
Went to school. Got lessons done, then Pauline, Nadine and I went to church. They had some slides.
Region 8 Sea Scouts BSA September 11, 1934 - Lincoln, Nebraska Sea Scouting is a coed outdoor program for young adults 14-20 years old and their adult advisors. The Sea Scout Promise follows: As a Sea Scout I promise to do my best: To guard against water accidents; To know the location and proper use of the lifesaving devices on every boat I board; To be prepared to render aid to those in need; To seek to preserve the motto of the sea, Women and children first. |
Monday, September 10, 2012
Monday, September 10, 1934
Went to school. Rode with Pauline. Kind of cold. Got my lessons done. Pauline and I went walking in evening.
Kansas City jazz, which came into its own in the 1920s and 1930s, is distinguished by the following musical elements:
A preference for a 4/4 beat over the 2/4 beat found in other jazz styles of the time. As a result, Kansas City jazz had a more relaxed, fluid sound than other jazz styles. Extended soloing. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under Political Boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well past sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique jazz culture in which the goal was to "say something" with one's instrument, rather than simply show off one's technique. It was not uncommon for one "song" to be performed for several hours, with the best musicians often soloing for dozens of choruses at a time. So-called "head arrangements". The KC big bands often played by memory, composing and arranging the music collectively, rather than sight-reading as other big bands of the time did. This further contributed to the loose, spontaneous Kansas City sound. A heavy blues influence, with KC songs often based around a 12-bar blues structure, rather than the 8-bar jazz standard. One of the most recognizable characteristics of Kansas City jazz is frequent, elaborate riffing by the different sections. Riffs were often created - or even improvised - collectively, and took many forms: a) one section riffing alone, serving as the main focus of the music; b) one section riffing behind a soloist, adding excitement to the song; or c) two or more sections riffing in counterpoint, creating an exciting hard-swinging sound. The Count Basie signature tunes "One O'Clock Jump" and "Jumpin' at the Woodside", for example, are simply collections of complex riffs, memorized in a head arrangement, and punctuated with solos. Glenn Miller's famous swing anthem "In the Mood" closely follows the Kansas City pattern of riffing sections, and is a good example of the Kansas City style after it had been exported to the rest of the world. |
Sunday, September 9, 2012
Sunday, September 9, 1934
I went to Sunday school today by myself. Mother didn't feel well enough to go. It rained hard tonight. Read and studied. Ruth Ray and Nadine down.
Saturday, September 8, 2012
Saturday, September 8, 1934
Straighted up the house a bit. Was going to go to town but didn't go. Kind of cool today.
Long Island Tropical Storm of September 8, 1934 (Hurricane #6) On September 8, 1934 a tropical storm first reported over the eastern Bahamas passed over Long Island after brushing by Cape Hatteras on its journey north. The storm attained hurricane strength with the lowest pressure point received from a ship at sea being 28.56 inches (967 millibars). The New York City area was on the western side of the storm as it crossed Long Island, but still reported near hurricane force winds and very heavy rain that caused roads to become impassible. The 4.86 inches of rain that fell in Central Park on September 8, 1934 stands to this day as the 8th greatest single day precipitation total. At the time it was the 4th greatest single day total. In the New Haven, CT area electric lines were reported down and transportation impaired by the storm, including in Milford where trolley cars were reported to have been inundated. Near Atlantic City, NJ, 3 men on a fishing trip drowned when their 35 foot power boat capsized 2 ½ miles off shore. Cape Hatteras reported 7.72 inches of rain in 24 hours and a peak wind gust to 65 mph in the wake of the storm as it moved away to the north, but no property damage or loss of life. |
Friday, September 7, 2012
Friday, September 7, 1934
Went to the Murray Show and saw Little Miss Marker again with Nadine and Pauline. Saw Freckles in person.
Freckles and his Friends - 1934 Freckles and his Friends was a popular American comic strip set in the peaceful small town of Shadyside where young Freckles McGoosey and his friends live. Although the long-run strip, created by Merrill Blosser, is remembered for its continuing storyline involving a group of teenagers, it originally featured a child at the age of six or seven in gag-a-day situations. Illustrated by Blosser and later by Henry Formhals (1908-1981), Freckles and His Friends was ghostwritten by Fred Fox (1903-1981). A gagwriter for Groucho Marx and Judy Canova, Fox scripted for radio, television and films. Widely syndicated by Newspaper Enterprise Association, Freckles and His Friends had a long run through much of the 20th Century. |
Thursday, September 6, 2012
Thursday, September 6, 1934
Went to school with the kids. My teachers are Shorthand - Cornell, Typing - Cornell, English - Kite, Latin - Wynne, History - Deeson.
Wednesday, September 5, 2012
Wednesday, September 5, 1934
Daddy took us to school. I'm taking Shorthand, 2nd year Latin, English, Typing and History. Walked home with the girls.
Tuesday, September 4, 2012
Tuesday, September 4, 1934
Went to school today. Walked home with the girls. Didn't get books. Went to the library downtown.
Central High School 3611 East Linwood Boulevard Kansas City, Missouri The school was termed the first million dollar school. It was founded in 1924 and cost about $900,000 to build, a considerable sum of money then. The architect was Charles A. Smith who designed it in the Neo-Classical style. A reconstruction took place in 1984. It is the only school building in the Kansas City, Missouri School District to have a ramp that winds back and forth from the first floor to the third floor. It includes two gymnasiums and an auditorium that seats 1700. There is a swimming pool which has now fallen into disuse. The school closed in 2010. |
Monday, September 3, 2012
Monday, September 3, 1934
Today is Labor Day. Mother got up out of bed today. Pauline was down tonight.
Residence of Henry A. Auerbach, co-founder, Palace Clothing Co., after 1934 drought, 4500 Warwick Blvd. The hottest Kansas City summer on record was 1934, with an average temperature of 84.9 degrees. |
Sunday, September 2, 2012
Sunday, September 2, 1934
Didn't go to Sunday school today. Mother is still sick in bed. Aunt Kate and Uncle Laten came by and took me to the magazine shop.
Saturday, September 1, 2012
Saturday, September 1, 1934
Had pancakes for breakfast. Mother was sick in bed today. Ollie and Mrs. Raifert were over. Uncle Laten came by for a bit.
September 1, 1934 - U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt talks about the artist's special place in society. |
Friday, August 31, 2012
Friday, August 31, 1934
I fixed breakfast. Went down to Crown Drug Store. I got a new book.
Crown Drug Store 39th and Main Kansas City, Missouri |
Thursday, August 30, 2012
Thursday, August 30, 1934
Went to Clay. Came home. Got watermelon. Mother sure sick. Ate supper ar Aunt Katie's. Got a book.
"Sensation Hunters" Released August 30, 1934 Starring Marion Burns, Arline Judge, Preston Foster, Kenneth MacKenna Directed by Charles Vidor Written by Whitman Chambers Plot Summary: Dale Jordan (Burns) is a cabaret star who hob-nobs with the wealthy on her way to a performance in Panama. |
Wednesday, August 29, 2012
Wednesday, August 29, 1934
Went over to Laten's. He drove us up home (Clay Center, Kansas). Got polish and went to Mart's then to Emmett and Melvin's. Stayed all night at Henry's.
Jimmy Durante's Stage Antics - August 29, 1934 Jimmy Durante says things have reached a pretty spot for him, as he can’t enter a night club without having the master of ceremonies ask him to sing. While he is an obliging person at heart, there comes a time when the best of clowns likes to sit quietly and enjoy seeing the other fellow work. So now Jimmy has a new stunt. Whenever he’s called on to give a number, he obliges with the roughest song he knows; tears the music, smashes at the piano, wrecks music stands and does all the incidental damage possible. The audience loves it. But the management? That’s another story. |
Tuesday, August 28, 2012
Tuesday, August 28, 1934
Got our stuff ready for tomorrow. Mother didn't feel very good. Uncle Laten by. Pauline and I went to the show. Saw "Sing and Like It" and
Sing and Like It Comedy - 72 minutes Starring Zasu Pitts, Pert Kelton, Edward Everett Horton Written by Aben Kandel (story "So You Won't Sing, Eh?") Directed by William A. Seiter A gangster (Nat Pendleton) tries to turn his tone-deaf girlfriend into a singing star. |
Monday, August 27, 2012
Monday, August 27, 1934
Mother washed clothes. I ironed them. Pauline and Catherine were down. Went over to Raifert's.
Walgreens The company had its origin in 1901, when Charles R. Walgreen bought the drugstore, on the south side of Chicago, at which he had been working as a pharmacist. He bought a second store in 1909; by 1915, there were five Walgreen drugstores. He made numerous improvements and innovations in the stores, including the addition of soda fountains (Walgreen invented that perennial drugstore favorite, the malt!) that also featured luncheon service. Walgreen also began to make his own line of drug products; by doing so, he was able to control the quality of these items and offer them at lower prices than competitors. By 1934, 600 Walgreen agency stores were functioning in 33 states, mostly in Midwestern communities with populations of less than 20,000. |
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